Generally, one centiMorgan equals about 1 million base pairs.Įukaryotic: A eukaryote is a single-celled or multicellular organism whose cells contain a distinct membrane-bound nucleus. These libraries are important to scientists because they consist of clones of all protein-encoding DNA, or all of the genes, in the human genome.ĬM: cM stands for centiMorgan, a unit of genetic distance. By using mRNA as a template, scientists use enzymatic reactions to convert its information back into cDNA and then clone it, creating a collection of cDNAs, or a cDNA library. Scale-up of two-hybrid system for protein-protein interactionĬDNA: cDNA stands for complementary DNA, a synthetic type of DNA generated from messenger RNA, or mRNA, the molecule in the cell that takes information from protein-coding DNA - the genes - to the protein-making machinery and instructs it to make a specific protein. High-throughput oligonucleotide synthesis DNA microarraysĮukaryotic, whole-genome knockouts (yeast)
#MAPPED THE HUMAN GENOME PLUS#
melanogaster, plus whole-genome drafts of several others, including C. melanogasterįinished genome sequences of E. Sequence 500 Mb/year at 1,400Mb/year at <$0.09 per finished baseĬomplete genome sequences of E. These "bonus" accomplishments include: an advanced draft of the mouse genome sequence, published in December 2002 an initial draft of the rat genome sequence, produced in November 2002 the identification of more than 3 million human genetic variations, called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the generation of full-length complementary DNAs (cDNAs) for more than 70 percent of known human and mouse genes.Ģ- to 5-cMresolution map (600 - 1,500 markers)ĩ5% of gene-containing part of human sequence finished to 99.99% accuracyĩ9% of gene-containing part of human sequence finished to 99.99% accuracy In addition, to help researchers better understand the meaning of the human genetic instruction book, the project took on a wide range of other goals, from sequencing the genomes of model organisms to developing new technologies to study whole genomes.īesides delivering on the stated goals below, the international network of researchers has produced an amazing array of advances that most scientists had not expected until much later.
The finished sequence produced by the Human Genome Project covers about 99 percent of the human genome's gene-containing regions, and it has been sequenced to an accuracy of 99.99 percent. This international effort to sequence the 3 billion DNA letters in the human genome is considered by many to be one of the most ambitious scientific undertakings of all time, even compared to splitting the atom or going to the moon.
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